Exploring the Extent of Digital Transformation in Italian Public Hospitals: Insights from a Web-based Survey

Abstract

Digital transformation is increasingly vital in healthcare, driven by technological advances and the need for efficient, patient-centered services. Despite global interest, limited research exists on digital transformation in Italian public healthcare. This study investigates the extent of digital technologies adoption across Italian public healthcare structures, focusing on administrative and clinical use, investment needs, training, and ICT-specialized personnel availability. An anonymous web-based survey, hosted on Qualtrics, was sent to 184 public healthcare institutions in Italy: 51 public hospitals (Aziende Ospedaliere), 25 teaching hospitals (Aziende Ospedaliere Universitarie), and 108 local health authorities (Aziende Sanitarie Locali). The survey achieved a 28.5% response rate. It collected data on digital technology adoption, investment levels, and training practices. Technologies were mapped by domain of use, investment requirements, and training intensity. Findings reveal heterogeneous adoption rates. Commonly used technologies include remote monitoring, cloud computing, digital sensors, telemedicine, and social media. Clinical areas mainly use remote monitoring, sensors, telemedicine, and collaborative robots, while administrative areas rely more on big data and cloud computing. Big data, artificial intelligence/machine learning, blockchain, collaborative robots, and 3D printing require higher investments. Training involves both the clinical and administrative staff, yet a shortage of ICT specialists limits full digital integration. While digital transformation is progressing in Italian public healthcare, uneven technology adoption and resource allocation persist. Identifying widely used technologies and those needing greater investment can support strategic planning and enhance more effective implementation.